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Abstract

The performance of Real-Time (RT) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) ambiguity resolution can be further improved by incorporating multiple Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations. RT PPP with ambiguity resolution based on raw GNSS observations, aided by the satellite clock offsets and GPS un-calibrated phase delays (UPDs), is realized to evaluate the effect of GNSS observations. Compared with previous studies, Galileo observations are integrated in this analysis and the effect of new BeiDou/Galileo systems in RT PPP ambiguity resolution is analyzed for global users. Comparing with the GPS-only and GPS/GLONASS solution, the time to first fix (TTFF) is 18.8% and 7.9% improved for those users in the Asia-Pacific regions, while it is 9.6% and 3.8% improved for other users by adding the BeiDou/Galileo observations. The improvement of the fixing rate and positioning accuracy is similar for users in different regions. The fixing rate is 2.1% and 0.5% improved when adding BeiDou/Galileo observations on top of GPS and GPS/GLONASS respectively. The accuracy of the north, east and up components are 0.4, 0.0 and 0.5 mm improved when adding on top of GPS, while 0.2, 0.1 and 0.4 mm when adding on top of GPS/GLONASS. By utilizing observations of four systems, an accuracy of 9.0, 9.1 and 28.3 mm is achieved for the fixed kinematic PPP solution after a mean initialization time of 797.9 s.