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Journal Article

Volcanic crisis reveals coupled magma system at Santorini and Kolumbo

Authors
/persons/resource/isken

Isken,  Marius Paul       
2.1 Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 2.0 Geophysics, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;
Submitting Corresponding Author, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

Karstens,  Jens
External Organizations;

Nomikou,  Paraskevi
External Organizations;

Parks,  Michelle Maree
External Organizations;

Drouin,  Vincent
External Organizations;

/persons/resource/rivalta

Rivalta,  E.       
2.1 Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 2.0 Geophysics, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences;

Crutchley,  Gareth J.
External Organizations;

Haghshenas Haghighi,  Mahmud
External Organizations;

Hooft,  Emilie E. E.
External Organizations;

/persons/resource/cesca

Cesca,  Simone       
2.1 Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 2.0 Geophysics, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences;

/persons/resource/twalter

Walter,  Thomas       

/persons/resource/hainzl

Hainzl,  S.       

/persons/resource/saul

Saul,  Joachim       
2.4 Seismology, 2.0 Geophysics, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences;

Anastasiou,  Dimitris
External Organizations;

Raptakis,  Kostas
External Organizations;

Shapiro,  Nikolai M.
External Organizations;

Münchmeyer,  Jannes
External Organizations;

Higueret ,  Quentin
External Organizations;

Soubestre,  Jean
External Organizations;

Brenguier,  Florent
External Organizations;

Hufstetler,  Rebeckah S.
External Organizations;

Autumn,  Kaisa R.
External Organizations;

Tsakiri,  Maria
External Organizations;

Lange,  Dietrich
External Organizations;

Kopp,  Heidrun
External Organizations;

Urlaub,  Morelia
External Organizations;

Jover,  María Blanch
External Organizations;

Preine,  Jonas
External Organizations;

Hübscher,  Christian
External Organizations;

/persons/resource/motagh

Motagh,  M.       
1.4 Remote Sensing, 1.0 Geodesy, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences;

/persons/resource/dmueller

Müller,  Daniel       
2.1 Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 2.0 Geophysics, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

/persons/resource/dahm

Dahm,  T.       
2.1 Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 2.0 Geophysics, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

Berndt,  Christian
External Organizations;

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5036517.pdf
(Publisher version), 61MB

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Citation

Isken, M. P., Karstens, J., Nomikou, P., Parks, M. M., Drouin, V., Rivalta, E., Crutchley, G. J., Haghshenas Haghighi, M., Hooft, E. E. E., Cesca, S., Walter, T., Hainzl, S., Saul, J., Anastasiou, D., Raptakis, K., Shapiro, N. M., Münchmeyer, J., Higueret, Q., Soubestre, J., Brenguier, F., Hufstetler, R. S., Autumn, K. R., Tsakiri, M., Lange, D., Kopp, H., Urlaub, M., Jover, M. B., Preine, J., Hübscher, C., Motagh, M., Müller, D., Dahm, T., Berndt, C. (2025): Volcanic crisis reveals coupled magma system at Santorini and Kolumbo. - Nature, 645, 939-945.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09525-7


Cite as: https://gfzpublic.gfz.de/pubman/item/item_5036517
Abstract
Volcanic crises, driven by renewed magma inflow and migration, result in surface deformation and seismicity that can provide unique insights into the structure of volcanic systems and magmatic processes. Although the highly explosive volcanoes of Santorini and Kolumbo1,2 in the Greek Aegean Sea are just 7 km apart, their potentially coupled deep magmatic feeding systems are only poorly understood3,4. The 2025 volcano–tectonic crisis of Santorini simultaneously affected both volcanic centres, providing insights into a complex, multistorage feeder system. Here we integrate onshore and marine seismological data with geodetic measurements to reconstruct magma migration before and during the crisis. Gradual inflation in the Santorini caldera, beginning in mid-2024, preceded the January 2025 intrusion of a magma-filled dike sourced from a mid-crustal reservoir beneath Kolumbo, indicating a link between the two volcanoes. Joint inversion of ground and satellite-based deformation data indicates that approximately 0.31 km3 of magma intruded as an approximately 13-km-long dike, reactivating principal regional faults and arresting 3–5 km below the seafloor. The 2024–2025 resurgence of magmatic activity beneath both volcanic centres and their apparent coupling provides insights into the dynamic interplay of magma storage, transport and reservoir failure beneath neighbouring volcanoes.