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A Global Assessment of Diurnal Discontinuities in ERA5 Tropospheric Zenith Total Delays Using 10 Years of GNSS Data

Authors
/persons/resource/pyuan

Yuan,  Peng       
1.1 Space Geodetic Techniques, 1.0 Geodesy, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;
Submitting Corresponding Author, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

Blewitt,  Geoffrey
External Organizations;

Kreemer,  Corné
External Organizations;

Jiang,  Weiping
External Organizations;

Liu,  Tianjun
External Organizations;

He,  Linyu
External Organizations;

Shan,  Qiang
External Organizations;

/persons/resource/balidak

Balidakis,  K.
1.1 Space Geodetic Techniques, 1.0 Geodesy, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

/persons/resource/schuh

Schuh,  H.
1.1 Space Geodetic Techniques, 1.0 Geodesy, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

/persons/resource/wickert

Wickert,  J.
1.1 Space Geodetic Techniques, 1.0 Geodesy, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

/persons/resource/deng

Deng,  Z.
1.1 Space Geodetic Techniques, 1.0 Geodesy, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

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5033894.pdf
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Citation

Yuan, P., Blewitt, G., Kreemer, C., Jiang, W., Liu, T., He, L., Shan, Q., Balidakis, K., Schuh, H., Wickert, J., Deng, Z. (2025): A Global Assessment of Diurnal Discontinuities in ERA5 Tropospheric Zenith Total Delays Using 10 Years of GNSS Data. - Geophysical Research Letters, 52, 5, e2024GL113140.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113140


Cite as: https://gfzpublic.gfz.de/pubman/item/item_5033894
Abstract
The diurnal cycle of tropospheric Zenith Total Delays (ZTD) is critical for refining tropospheric models and understanding key geophysical and atmospheric processes. The fifth European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis ERA5, with its unique 1-hr temporal resolution, provides valuable data for these purposes. However, we identified obvious discontinuities in ERA5-derived ZTD at 09:00 and 21:00 UTC. A comparison with 10-year GNSS data from 6,437 stations showed that 32.8% of the stations experienced discontinuities in mean diurnal anomalies of ERA5 ZTD, with an average magnitude of 2.2 mm, far exceeding the 0.3 mm hour-to-hour variations observed by GNSS. The discontinuities are more pronounced in summer and are primarily due to errors in ERA5's humidity modeling, with a few pressure-related issues limited to Antarctica. The discontinuity is attributed to the transition between ERA5's 12-hr assimilation windows and suggest that other ERA5 variables may also be impacted, warranting caution in ERA5-based diurnal cycle studies.